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	JAS Organic Japan · Tier 1 Gold	Non-GMO Project Verified United States · Tier 3 Specialty	Rainforest Alliance Global · Tier 3 Specialty	Luomu (Finland) Finland · Tier 2 Trusted
What it means	Japan's national organic standard under the Japanese Agricultural Standard system. The mark must appear on any food sold as 'organic' (有機 or オーガニック) in Japan.	North America's leading 'no genetically modified organisms' certification. Tests for the presence of GMOs in finished products. NOT organic.	Sustainable-agriculture certification (post-2020 merged standard with UTZ). Covers environmental, social, and economic criteria. NOT an organic mark.	Finland's national organic 'Sun Mark' (Aurinkomerkki). Operated by the Finnish Food Authority. In practice most Finnish organic packaging carries both Luomu and the EU Leaf — they certify to the same baseline.
Scope	Food	Food	Food	Food
Established	2001	2010	1987	1995
Inspection	Annual on-site by MAFF-registered certifier	Annual third-party audit + lab testing	Annual third-party audit (RA-accredited)	Annual on-site by Finnish Food Authority
Residue testing	Required for high-risk operations	GMO testing only (not pesticide)	Risk-based	Required
Guarantees	≥95% organic ingredients. No synthetic pesticides, no synthetic fertilizers, no GMOs. Annual inspection by a MAFF-registered certifier.	Verified absence of GMO ingredients (with action thresholds, not zero tolerance). Annual third-party verification. Tracing and segregation across the supply chain.	Reduced (not eliminated) synthetic pesticide use, with bans on the most hazardous classes. Forest conservation requirements (no deforestation after the cut-off date). Worker welfare and community development requirements. Annual third-party audit.	EU baseline organic (Finnish supply chains end-to-end). Annual on-site inspection by the Finnish Food Authority.
Does NOT	Mutual recognition with the US, EU, and Canada applies to specific product categories — check each agreement before importing.	Doesn't mean organic — Non-GMO products can use synthetic pesticides and fertilizers freely.	Allows synthetic pesticides — does NOT meet any organic standard. Often confused with organic but it's a different programme.	The Sun Mark is awarded only to fully Finnish supply chains — imports use the EU Leaf alone.

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